Floral origin markers for authenticating Lavandin honey (Lavandula angustifolia x latifolia). Discrimination from Lavender honey (Lavandula latifolia)

The aim of this study was to identify the botanical origin of Lavandin honey, a monofloral product of recent proliferation obtained from a hybrid of the species Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula latifolia. Lavandin was authenticated here in chemical, palynological and sensory terms, and discriminated from the more common Lavender honey (L. latifolia).A total of 14 physico–chemical parameters, 26 pollen types, 13 sensory attributes and 80 volatile compounds were identified and/or quantified for this purpose.High concentrations of γ-nonalactone, farnesol and acetovanillone, which were for the first time identified as components of honey aroma in this study, together with several lactones, dehydrovomifoliol, 4-methoxyacetophenone and decanal are proposed as chemical markers for authenticating Lavandin monofloral honey. In sensory terms, increased scores for “caramel” and “peach compote” sensations, together with an increased Rubus pollen content, provide additional useful information for the accurate authentication of Lavandin honey and its discrimination from Lavender honey (L. latifolia).Results showed enough floral markers to authenticate the botanical origin of Lavandin honey allowing its marketing as monofloral rather than generic honey.     

Effect of household canning on the distribution and reduction of thiophanate-methyl and its metabolite carbendazim residues in tomato

Tomato in the field was sprayed with thiophanate-methyl to quantify the effect of household processing on pesticide residues. Changes in the residue levels of thiophanate-methyl and its metabolite carbendazim in tomatoes were assessed during home-canning processing. Pesticide residues in tomato were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) after washing, peeling, homogenization, simmering, and sterilization. Results showed that washing with tap water reduced thiophanate-methyl residues by 25.0% and carbendazim residues by 13.0%. The peeling process yielded 84.2% loss in thiophanate-methyl and 87.3% loss in carbendazim from tomatoes. Peeling is thus the most effective step to remove pesticide residues from tomatoes. Homogenization, simmering, and sterilization exerted limited effects on the removal of thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim. The processing factors (PFs) of tomato samples after each step were generally less than 1; in particular, the PFs of the peeling process for thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim were 0.19 and 0.14, respectively.     

Regulatory role of phosphoproteins in the development of bovine small intestine during early life

The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption, which plays a key role in the survival of neonatal calves. A comprehensive assessment of the phosphoproteomic changes in the small intestine of neonatal calves is unavailable; therefore, we used phosphopeptide enrichment coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the changes in the phosphoproteome profile in the bovine small intestine during the first 36 h of life. Twelve neonatal male calves were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) calves not fed colostrum and slaughtered approximately 2 h postpartum (n = 3), (2) calves fed colostrum at 1 to 2 h and slaughtered 8 h postpartum (n = 3), (3) calves fed 2 colostrum meals (at 1–2 and 10–12 h) and slaughtered 24 h postpartum (n = 3), (4) calves fed 3 colostrum meals (at 1–2, 10–12, and 22–24 h) and slaughtered 36 h postpartum (n = 3). Mid-duodenal, jejunal, and ileal samples of the calves were collected after slaughter. We identified 1,678 phosphoproteins with approximately 3,080 phosphosites, which were mainly Ser (89.9%), Thr (9.8%), and Tyr (0.3%) residues; they belonged to the prodirected (52.9%), basic (20.4%), acidic (16.6%), and Tyr-directed (1.7%) motif categories. The regional differentially expressed phosphoproteins included zonula occludens 2, sorting nexin 12, and protein kinase C, which are mainly associated with developmental processes, intracellular transport, vesicle-mediated transport, and immune system process. They are enriched in the endocytosis, tight junction, insulin signaling, and focal adhesion pathways. The temporal differentially expressed phosphoproteins included occludin, epsin 1, and bridging integrator 1, which were mainly associated with macromolecule metabolic process, cell adhesion, and growth. They were enriched in the spliceosomes, adherens junctions, and tight junctions. The observed changes in the phosphoproteins in the tissues of small intestine suggest the protein phosphorylation plays an important role in nutrient transport and immune response of calves during early life, which needs to be confirmed in a larger study.     

Milk fat globule size,phospholipid contents and composition of milk from purebred and Alpine-crossbred Mid-Eastern goats under confinement or grazing condition

Milk fat globule (MFG) size and phospholipids (PL) content and composition were determined in milk collected at 65 (pretreatment), 110, 135 and 170 days of lactation from goats randomly assigned to grazing in Mediterranean brushland or fed clover hay indoors, in addition to concentrate. Daily feed intake and dietary contents of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were higher in grazing goats, associated with milk richer in fat, with larger MFGs and 20% higher PL content. Smaller MFGs, produced by all confinement groups, was associated with 15 μg g⁻¹ fat higher milk PL content. The greatest effect was found in the Damascus goats, with over 44% higher PL concentration, on milk fat basis, in the confined compared with grazing group. Our understanding of how PL content is modulated by the interaction between genetic background and nutrition will enable to achieve either PL-rich milk or PL-enriched milk fat.     

Single- and multi-cycle high hydrostatic pressure treatment on microbiological quality of mud snail (Bullacta exarata) during refrigerated storage

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is an industrial technology used for preservation of a wide range of food products, and vacumm-packed mud snails (Bullacta exarata) were HHP processed to ensure food safety and shelf-life stability. The effects of single- and multi-cycle HHP treatment, especially the combination of different intensities, on the microbial behavior and shelf-life extension of B. exarata during subsequent storage were investigated. Total microbial count, psychrophilic microorganisms, Clostridium bacteria, total Enterobacteriaceae and H₂S-producing bacteria were enumerated during subsequent refrigerated storage, and Gompertz model was chosen to predict the shelf-life, growth rate, lag time and generation time. The results showed that the initial microbial load was obviously reduced as the pressure increased. Total Enterobacteriaceae and H₂S-producing bacteria were not detected in multi-cycle HHP processing during refrigerated storage. Moreover, multi-cycle HHP method (B + F) could improve the shelf-life of B. exarata for more than 38 days. The model indicated that the lag time for Clostridium bacteria processed with multi-cycle HHP (B + F) was extended to 24.65 days. Our findings will be of aid for the establishment of general process guidelines, and demonstrated that multi-cycle HHP technology has potential for application in mud snail preservation and processing.     

杏花花粉中苦杏仁苷的提取工艺的研究

本研究探讨了从杏花花粉中用不同溶剂提取苦杏仁苷,及提取溶剂的浓度、料液比、超声时间、提取时间对苦杏仁苷提取工艺的影响,并采用紫外分光光度法定性、定量。结果表明：提取苦杏仁苷的最佳溶剂是乙醇,最佳提取工艺是浓度为100%的乙醇,料液比1：7,超声提取20min,振荡提取12h。杏花花粉中的苦杏仁苷的含量为6.1%。     

尼勒克县新疆黑蜂蜂蜜游离氨基酸的测定及分析

为探究尼勒克县新疆黑蜂蜂蜜游离氨基酸含量组成特点,同时对蜂蜜产地进行区分分析。本研究采用行业标准方法测定尼勒克地区7个产区新疆黑蜂蜂蜜中游离氨基酸含量,对其必需氨基酸、药效氨基酸以及滋味氨基酸含量进行分析,并利用主成分分析和聚类分析探讨了尼勒克新疆黑蜂蜂蜜游离氨基酸特点。结果显示,7个产区新疆黑蜂蜂蜜总游离氨基酸含量在458.98~805.94 mg/kg之间,必需氨基酸占比为33.73%~51.84%,药效氨基酸占比为37.92%~57.94%,滋味氨基酸以芳香族氨基酸和甜味氨基酸为主。A3产区蜂蜜样品的游离氨基酸含量（805.94 mg/kg）远超其他6个产区（458.98~619.82 mg/kg）,且其苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、组氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸均为7个产区最高,聚类分析显示A3产区蜂蜜可与其他产区蜂蜜较好分离。综上所述,尼勒克新疆黑蜂蜂蜜中游离氨基酸种类丰富,苯丙氨酸含量占比较高,药效氨基酸、滋味氨基酸含量高,且各产区蜂蜜可由游离氨基酸含量进行区分,具有开发成为口感独特的药用蜂蜜的潜力。     

Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources. The antioxidant activities of propolis of various geographic origins, i.e., Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China (Hebei, Hubei, and Zhejiang), Hungary, New Zealand, South Africa, Thailand, Ukraine, Uruguay, United States, and Uzbekistan were compared. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared and evaluated for antioxidant activities of EEP samples by the β-carotene bleaching and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay systems. Major constituents were identified in EEP by HPLC analysis with photo-diode array (PDA) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection, and quantitatively analyzed. EEP from Argentina, Australia, China, Hungary and New Zealand had relatively strong antioxidant activities, and were also correlated with the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Propolis with strong antioxidant activity contained antioxidative compounds such as kaempferol and phenethyl caffeate.     

低聚糖和多酚结合偏最小二乘判别分析鉴别油菜蜜产地

采用气相色谱-串联质谱技术测定油菜蜜中6 种低聚糖成分,高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术测定油菜蜜中18 种酚酸物质,并结合偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least square-discrimination analysis,PLS-DA）对来自湖北钟祥市、江苏盐城市、青海刚察县3 个具有显著地理、气候、环境差异的51 个油菜蜜样本进行产地鉴别。方差分析结果显示：3 个产地油菜蜜中松二糖含量具有显著性差异,且青海刚察油菜蜜低聚糖含量相对偏高;油菜蜜的18 种多酚类物质中大多数具有显著的地理差异性且湖北钟祥的油菜蜜中多酚含量相对偏高。多元统计分析结果显示多酚具有显著的地理特征性。油菜蜜中低聚糖和多酚的含量结合PLS-DA产地鉴别的预测精度可达到97%。